Civilization vs Savagery Essay Example for Free

Civilization vs barbarism EssayCivilization keeps a savage part of us locked quite a little deep inside. If we become free from society and its rules, the savageness emerges. We found a quote that describes the conflict among polish and savagery. It states, Man is a tame or civilise animal never the less, he requires proper instruction and a fortunate nature, and then all animals he becomes the most divine and most civilized but if he be insufficiently or ill-educated he is the most savage of earthly creatures. CivilizationThe rules and organized meetings in the story are utilize to keep order and it is their own form of government. In society, we use rules and a government system to keep order. The boys created their own version of the rules to fit their surroundings. In a way, they adapted society to their new surroundings. The huts that were built were a constant reminder of the homes they had left behind along with all the rules within their homes. The boys were attach ed to society at the beginning of the invention and used these things to protect themselves from the harshness of the real world.At the beginning, the boys were all for creating rules and keeping order as the quote from page 42 of the novel shows, Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. The boys, especially Jack and Ralph were intending to instill the rules they followed at home at the island as well. On our poster, we used a picture of the Constitution to represent the rules of civilization. We also used the quote from page 42 in the novel shown above. We used these because we thought that the Constitution showed the basis of civilization and the quote showed the boys bond to it.Savagery In the novel, there was a lot of savagery. The boys had fine-tuneed the sow for the thrill and not for the meat. In real life, while people hunt, they do it so they can provide food for their friends and family. They are not obsessed with killing as these young boys in the novel are. Also, the boys in Jacks sept used face paint. While this isnt a direct relation to savagery, face paint allows a person to hide behind a hide of indifference. It is a way for people to overcome their fears and stay unemotional to the happenings of a war or even to just hide themselves.The boys use the paint to trim down fear in others and also use it as a way to lose themselves to indifference while killing. Jacks tribe had a way of view that Ralphs group did not. Jacks tribe mostly thought of themselves and had a sense of self preservation. They would do anything to survive including stealing the other boys fire. Another thing the boys did that clear showed savagery was that they set the island aflame. In their search for Ralph, they lost all common sense and decided to burn Ralph out.They were destroying not but the island but also their only sources of food and shelter. In the novel, Jack is the first to succumb to savagery. The rest of the other boys slowly followed. We believe Jack gave in earlier because he didnt of necessity care for the rules either way. He just did whatever he pleased. Ralph on the other hand had a father that was a Navy officer and was to a greater extent exposed to rules and society. For this reason, Ralph never fully gave in. Ralph got his first taste of savagery during Simons killing, but afterwards he felt too guilty to ever do that again.Savagery grew on him once again in the last chapter when the boys were trying to burn him out. On our poster, we decided to use a picture of a war between Spanish soldiers and Native Americans to show savageness since the soldiers were savagely invading the Native Americans land. The quote we used comes from page 152 in the novel. It is from when Jacks tribe was about to kill the pig. It states, Kill the beast, cut his throat, spill his blood. The quote shows not only the boys primitive nature but also the savagery they are exposed to.

Doctor Patient Communication Essay Example for Free

Doctor Patient Communication EssayThis is the adopted mode of parley with the unhurried aiming at firstly, getting enough history or information towards diagnosing the patient presenting complaint and equally ensuring that the patients right to privacy, trustworthy health, and permission as the need arises, is not compromised during the process. When communication and rapport is poor, patients are at risk of distressed and doubt doctors competence (Allen, 2000). query reports that patients often wrongly base clinical skills on communication effectiveness. Patient with this bias mind eventually shows poor cooperation with treatments. This is more reason why it is an ethical issue. The present state of the patients psychological state is important. A depressed patient would prefer less talk than a patient who is upturned to get fast cure and some times talk out of points if unguided by an experience doctor. Due to diverse understanding from multicultural views, it is infalli ble to understand the biological ethnicity of each patient through a biodata aspect of the history. From the biodata, the religious denomination is noted. The occupation, family and social histories also reveal the mental state. Doctors adoption of line of thought would be of help.For example, a friendly way of approach gives the patients sense of worth and avoids any feelings of inferiority complex that may stuff patients opening up in detail. The doctor also needs not unnecessarily friendly, this could denote carefree attitude at times. 80% of the treatment receives is dependent of how elaborate is the history taken by the doctor. An understanding of introversion and extroversion communication type equally helps. It is necessary to carry the patient along, after the knowledge about the patients present state, preempt the patients worry and briefly explain why the next question is necessary.

Phaedrus by Plato Essay Example for Free

Phaedrus by Plato EssayOf all the dialogues of Plato, this has got to be one of the most impressive of all. A display of chats that did not rely on unspoiled mediocre questioning and explanation round a single topic. Walking around the country and providing conversations on just about whatever happens to them, the Phaedrus and Socrates walking conversation displays relevant matters and enlightening words.Tackling the topic of love was the initial subject that the two had taken into consideration. Talking about philosophies of love and their own takes on how love is, Socrates and Phaedrus case their sides by explaining what love is to them. Thus, this conversation about love ruled most of their walk. Along the way they tackled more enlightening matters The dialogues last part tackles about paper books and its capabilities to impart goodness on a person. They explain their considerable thoughts on books.In part 229c-230 b, Socrates reflects an affirmative belief on stories of myths such as the fiction of Bores and Orithyia. Socrates showcases his reasoning that he doesnt curb enough time as well for himself to give explanation about such occurrence that happened in the place where the twaddle was foretold thus he results to might as well be believing in it. He believes that skeptics dont have the luxury of time challenging and explaining the truth about other creatures, monsters and occurrences as well. Thus Socrates concludes that seeking out for truth with regards to said stories is ridiculous. He believes that even those people of science that tends to explain everything will also have such a difficult time on proving such claims and that there are more important matters other than challenging these stories.The conversational walk that Socrates and Phaedrus had in the dialogue displays amenable reasoning and provides ample knowledge upon readers.

The New Hydraulic System Engineering Essay

The New Hydraulic System Engineering EssayThe major aim of the project is to investigate more or less the new hydraulic administration of a380 and the designers for increasing the hydraulic stuff from 3,000 psi to 5, 000 psi. The project is also intended at discussing and investigating about the new electro- hydrostatic actuators which uses this high hydraulic pressure.This report emphasiss on how this hydraulic clay with 5,000 psi works and how it is get around than previous hydraulic dodge.Saving Weight is the major reason for using 5000 psi hydraulic system in a380. By using higher pressure and smaller volume of fluid though the pipe of smaller radius, saves tonne of cargo throughout the aircraft. Earlier utilize in military aircraft, this 5000 psi hydraulic system helps to reduce overall heaviness of the aircraft by reducing size of pipelines and sepa enjoin components.Fig.1 Kevlar hydraulic hoses, used for carrying high hydraulic pressure in A380. (eaton, 2006)Archit ecture of a380 hydraulic system differs extremely from other aircrafts, it uses pipeline specifically made of si and eight de- waitable hydraulic pumps being used to achieve this high pressure of 350 bars. Also hydraulic personnel packs serve as backup for primary systems, or else of secondary hydraulic system which reduces maintenance and save weight.The very obvious reason that come to mind for using an enormous 5000 pounds per squ atomic number 18 inch seems to be the fact that in that respect is rent of massive power needed to fly the giant A380. But there is a lot more to it. The technical reason for that is the weight saving that the designers envisaged. In conjunction to the principles of physics, the pipelines of the hydraulic system digest been designed to a smaller diameter as contrasted to those used in other wide bodied aircraft, like B 777 in close enough range of A 380.As we k directForce = A * PWhereA is the cross section range and P is the pressure exerted b y the hydraulic fluidSmaller diameter of pipelines enables greater hydraulic pressure to be exerted. thereof apart from giving enough power to drive the controls, it also provides the adequacy for lightweight components though they needed to be stronger. So this reduces overall weight of the aircraft.The way A380s hydraulic system is designed is completely different from those of others. The fact that its piping system is specifically made of titanium. Eight hydraulic pumps that are clutch able add to the extraordinary feature of this beautiful machine. Also, power packs that are drive hydraulically provide back up for the main hydraulic system. His eliminates the need for a secondary system that is normally implemented for redundancy. Here we see an intelligent application of a really appreciable weight reducing technique. This not alone saves weight of the aircraft, but also takes a leap across in the world of locomotiveering, in aircraft manufacturing and provides a base for producing aircrafts with such excellent falsehood in designing power store for possibly bigger aircrafts.Assuming the A 380 was made with the conventional 3000 psi, it is logical to say that the overall size of the now a380 would have been much bigger. As the experts say, an A380 with a working pressure of 3000 psi would have a nominal diameter of more than 3 inches as opposed to nearly 2 inches which is the actual. The reason as discussed before is the bigger size of the hydraulic components and the pipelines. This in turn would have demanded bigger housings and heavier mountings for a productive structure. Moreover the fittings that join these components would obviously be proportionally bigger and thus adding to weight of the aircraft.All this idea of weight saving methods has been targeted to the profits that the air carriers would deliver in the long run. It translates to having bigger payload capacity that generates more revenue for the business involved.The hydraulic pump is located on the engine cogwheelbox that runs on the machinelike power provided by the engine and turns it into hydraulic power. This hydraulic specialty of the fluid is exerted to the public life control surfaces like the rudders, ailerons, flaps, elevators. Transformation of the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy is felicitated by electro hydraulic actuators, which is another key feature in the making of A 380. These electro hydraulic actuators are driven through electrical power available from the aircraft generator or the TRUs (transformer rectifier units). They have got electro hydraulic static valves.Figures reveal the advantageous design kick downstairs. As we know from the mathematical relation,Power = C * PWhereC is the volumetric f down(p) rate and P is the pressure exerted.A constant power output would imply change in either of the quantities, i.e. force or pressure. thitherfore an increase in pressure would lead to reduction in the rate of flow of the fluid, which is about 40% in A380s case. Consequently, the flow rate in the 5000 psi system is about 42 gallons per minute which in a hypothetical 3000 psi system would have been 70 gallons per minute. So distinctly we see a remarkable difference in the amount of fluid flowing per unit time in this instance. But considering the size of A380, this would not have been feasible like it is in case of other aircraft, or even for that matter the jumbo jet B747.Airbus successfully achieved an appreciable 20% reduction in the weight by switching to more pressure and lower flow rate that very well suited to a system that involve figures about masses and quantities, precisely 2500 pounds of weight.But, the only drawback for using this 5000 psi is that the components are not available easily.Invention of hydraulic power generation systemApart from the strain industry, there are not manyindustriesthat put emphasis on ways of weight reduction. In an industry of commercialized aviation,wherethe sole source of profits are the flying machines. To make that happen effectively efficiently and economically, there is constant research and inventment going on throughout the world to develop new technologies and devise new methods of advancement in the field. Every ounce of weight of the mass of the aircraftwouldimply an extra amount of fuel to be consumed. Thus in an effort to reduce the weight and amplify the power to mass em and ultimately increase profits, Airbus endeavoured to save weight of A380.A hydraulic system with an operating pressure of nearly 5000 psi is not the latest trend though. Since 1970s, militaryaircraftof sophisticated mannikin have been using such a esteem pressure, but with the advent of the giant beauty, it is the first time that such high a pressure hasbeenused in passenger aircraft, against theconventional3000 psi hydraulic systems, obviously with the exception of Concorde which featured a 4000 psi system. Components that are used in such military air mac hines need to be light weight as well as strong enough to handle such fluidconditions. Similar requirements were demanded by thedesignof A380.When the bright idea of building the worlds largest commercial carrierwas still on paper, Airbus did know that weight and volume of the structural parts and components involved would be the most critical factor in practical. Engineers and designers pondered upon the expertise that would go into it and discussed the latest hydraulic system technologies. These co-ordinated efforts led to a plateau phase that lasted four months, in which the criteria and the specifications of the components and materials involved were developed. The outcome was that the trade of fuel distributionsystemand the hydraulic power generation system was ultimately given to Eaton Corporation.A380 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAMAs compared to other airbus hydraulic system, this A380 got only two hydraulic systems i.e. green and yellow, replacing the third hydraulic syst em by electro- hydraulic system which comprises of EHA and EBHA.fig.2 block diagram (eaton, 2006)A380 HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC proponent SOURCESfig.3 hydraulic sources (tron, 2007)electro hydrostatic actuatorsfig.4 electro hydrostatic actuators (tron, 2007)EHAs are electrically operated actuators, which replaces the third hydraulic system in an aircraft, thus it simplifies the aircraft architecture and makes it more reliable.It has an advantage of storing the pressure internally, when there is no movement in the motor, thus it reduces the power usage.WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEMIt is the first time in the civil aviation history that flight actuators are incorporated that are powered solely by electricity that give back up to thehydraulicpowered flight control actuators. When inevitable they augment the primaryactuator. They contain their own hydraulicand electrical supplies.For aileron and elevatormovementEHAs or Electro- hydrostatic actuators are used. For rudder and spoi lers movement they are used as EBHAs Electrical back up hydrostatic actuators.As the pressure has increase from 210 bar (3000 psi) to 350 bar (5000 psi), this has led to thinner pipelines being used. The conventional metal to metal fittings have been replaced by isomeric sealing which bind the metal chemically. Tests have proved that such high pressure would not degrade any chemical or physical property of the fluid, with an added advantage of saving about a metric tonHydraulic system of A3809 contains of eight Vickers PV-300-31 hydraulic pumps that are engine driven and are of variable displacement type that have a displacement that deliver at arate of 42 gallons per minute at 3775 revolutions per minute. Their displacement is47 ml per revolutionThere are two unique features that set this kind of pump apart from traditional type of hydraulic pumps. Firstly, the disengagement clutch that is not found on any of the other commercial or military aircraft. For instance, if any of the eight pumps is not working, it can be de clutched or separated from the system. Then the pump cannot be engaged, with the exception on set up that too by manual means.The second alpha characteristic of this kind of pump is pressure pulsation. Generally, there are pressure fluctuations n a pump, typically about 10%. I.e. The value of the pressures generated can vary to about 10% above and below of the nominated value. Even in recent models, this pulsation is about 5%. But Airbus wanted the value to be as low as 1%. These results were immaculate. It led to a system which had variations to a maximum of 4900 psi and 5100 psi on both sides. Low noise directs were an added advantage.Another important Development with the upcoming of A380 is that they have incorporated four 150 kVa electrical generators which can be frequency controlled. Thus eliminating the use of constant speed drives (CSDs) and better reliability.Embedded in the same electrical system are the new aluminium power cab les that have replaced copper. Thus saving on weight for an aircraft that requires many cables running in it for such complex systems.This power system of the A380 is fully digital and computerised. So the contractors and the breakers have been replaced by solid state devices for better performance. Extending discussion about the electrical power system of A380, it would be logical to mention the illumination system. The lighting is provided by the LEDs which have replaced conventional bulbs. These multi spectral LEDs are capable of producing day like effects anytime and producing shades of variable candela and contrast.Fig5 components operating the hydraulic system (eaton, 2006)GROUND SERVICE PANEL According to the fig.2, ground service panel is located at the foremost part of the aircraft in the hydraulic bay and is used for monitoring and maintaining the hydraulic system. Basically it consists of pressure and level gauges, to keep a check over the fluid levels and air pressuriza tion.Fig.6 ground service panel (eaton, 2006)ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP The main source of furnish 5000 psi is EDP, there are total eight Vickers branded engine driven pumps being installed on the airbus a380 and each being powered by the slope box, supplying the rate of flow of 160 l/min (42 gpm) at 3775 rpm.These pumps are based on clutch mechanism which enables them to disconnect from the engine gearing box as required on flight or on ground.Fig.7 engine driven pump (EDP) (eaton, 2006)FIRE SHUT OFF VALVE Four erect shut off valves being fitted in A380, in order to shut the hydraulic lines in case of major incidents or engine failure. The unit consist of an electrical motor, which has been designed specially for low electrical consumption, saving notable weight of the aircraft cables.Fig.8 fire shut off valve (eaton, 2006)SLAT DRIVE SYSTEM This system consists of a hydraulic motor, sensors and brake release mechanism, where motor is bi- directional with variable displacement in natur e and sensors are based on closed curl motor control mechanism. it is the first commercial aircraft, which uses this variable displacement motors to operate the secondary flight controls.Fig.9 hydraulic motor (eaton, 2006)HIGH PRESSURE MAINTENANCE disembarrass ACCUMULATOR These accumulators are mostly used for maintaining the brake system of the jumbo jet during parking mode and also used as backup for arrest braking. They are charged with helium and can only operate with high pressure hydraulic fluid i.e. 5000 psi.Fig.10 high pressure accumulator (eaton, 2006)HYDRAULIC slue UNIONS These sliding unions are used for distribution of hydraulic power to different sections of aircraft such as rudder, elevators, landing gear etc. They are used for keep pipe length during contraction and expansion, due to thermal changes and significant wing deflection. As shown in fig.2, they are located at rear spar area of the wings.Fig.11 hydraulic sliding unions (eaton, 2006)Highlights of new hyd raulic systemCUsersswatinw sngsPictures380 10.jpgFig.12 highlights of new system (bugatti)Electro hydrostatic actuators (EHAs)These are for back up flight controls and are driven by mini pumps which are smaller that conventional pumpsbut capable of delivering fluid at 5000 psi.Massive size of a380, brings out a new snuggle to its flight control system, moving these large surfaces hydraulically being proposed but later replaced by the new hydraulic plus electric architecture know as electro hydrostatic actuators.http//www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hmp0033n.jpg fig.13 mini pumps (bugatti)Hydraulic filtration and distributionIts components are made of titanium so it can bear high pressures, being stronger and lighter in weight at the same time.Steering systemTo impart great manoeuvrability to the aircraft, Messier Buggati developed variable architectures to enhance the same. for example, the nose wheel was managed by a softwareIMA ( Integrated Modular Avionics) and a backup circuit of the type LEHGS (local electric hydraulic generation system) to support the main circuit for the nose wheel.The two rear wheels on each of the two central bogies are controlled by RDC (remote data concentrators) along with IMA.http//www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hs0013nblocorient_ra_a380-230-2.jpg fig.14 A380 steering system (bugatti)An application of the same is WABSICthatstands forwheel and braking system integrated components, it has two functions.one is to ensure the rotational speed of the tyre, other is to monitor the tire pressure through wireless data transmission. Moreover a brake cooling fan is part of this integrated unit.The same manufacturer Messier Buggati is responsible for the brake temperature monitoring system and oleo pressure monitoring system on the A380Braking control systemThis is controlled by two main circuits fed by two hydraulic circuits, both operating at 5000 psi and monitored by the IMA software. The flip system which uses de centralisedhydraulic s ystem is also a full brake by wire system which is controlled by an analogue computer and has an indispensability baking control unit (EBCU).landing gear hydraulic systemAs everyone knows that the world biggest airliner a380, has gained much of media headlines for building the jumbo jet with the hydraulic pressure of 5000 psi and they uses this pressure for operating their landing gear systems, which was a big challenge to work on.Maximum take-off weight of a380 is 560 tonnes, out of which 20 tonnes is only of gear itself. Landing gear retraction and extension system is the major element, which manages the landing gear of a380 having total of 22 wheels with 5000 psi. LGERS also introduces the new electromechanical uplocks, which are used for locking and the unlocking undercarriage bay doors and landing gears. These up locks can be used in normal mode as well as in taking into custody mode, but because of its weight they being replaced by the electromechanical actuators which are far more Compaq and cheaper as it eliminates the use of cable riggings which saves weight and cost as well.There are total 12 up locks being installed on a380, which are easy to maintain as it removes the need of bleed hydraulic system.

Orbids of the Skull

Orbids of the SkullSarah Ferreira1.INTRODUCTIONThe range of a functions of a humankind skull is the space in which the eye and its appendages atomic number 18 located. The two athletic fields in the human skull atomic number 18 conical holes that opens into the midline of the face and point back into the head. Each reach includes an apex, four walls and a base. The functions of these theater of operationss is firstly to keep the eye safe from any mechanical crack and secondly to supply an entrance for the heart nerve(that transports visual in jumpation from the eyes retina to the vision centers in the brain through electrical impulses) to the brain. A stark(a) understanding of the anatomy of the studys of the human skull is very important to any doctor in order to comprehend any disorders that patient roles might experience that are link to the eye socket itself, as well as to understand the surgical management of this region in the human skull.2.The orbit of the skull2.1T he general localisation principle of the orbits in the human skullThe orbit in the human skull lies anterior to the temporal fossa ( sidelongly) and anterior to the middle cranial fossa (medially). Its besides situated sea captain to the maxilla behavior sinus, lateral to the nasal space as well as down the stairs the anterior cranial fossa.2.2The shape of the orbit of the skullThe shape of the orbit in the human skull looks like a pyramid that has four distinctive sides (walls), but as one moves posterior, it becomes three sided( toward the apex). The most posterior portion of the pyramid wrought orbit is the apex (of the orbit) and its positioned at the craniofacial junction. ( The apex is alike where the optic canal (that contains the central retina vein, ophthalmic artery, symphathetic nerve and optic nerve) opens into the posterior part of the orbit and it forms the tip of this pyramid shaped cavity or structure.)2.3The tusks of the orbit of the skull and their bone cl assificationThere are seven bones that make up the orbit namely the1)The Maxillary bone(that is besides classified an irregular bone)2)The orbital plate of the Frontal bone(that is as well as classified as an irregular bone)3)The malar bone(that is likewise classified as a flat bone)4)The Ethmoidal bone(that is also classified as an irregular bone)5)The Lacrimal bone(that is also classified as a flat bone)6) The Palative bone (that is also classified as an irregular bone)7) The Sphenoid bone (that is also classified as an irregular bone)All of the above mentioned bones also form part of the human skull. The orbit also contains chaps and fossae where various blood vessels and nerves pass through.2.4The walls of the orbitThe orbit as mentioned earlier consist of four sides or walls. The facial and cranial bones that forms the structure of the orbits also forms these four walls. The walls of the orbit of the skull are as follows1)The crack wall/ jacket2)The lateral wall3)The l ow-level wall/ stage4)The medial wall.3Introduction to the bones of the orbit and the orbital walls that they formThe captain circumference and most of the roof of the orbit are formed by the facade bones of the orbital plate. The inferomedial margin and the floor of the orbit is also formed by the maxilla bone. The anterior part of the lateral wall and the inferolateral margin of the orbit is also formed by the os zygomaticum bone. Much of the medial wall of the orbit is also formed by the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone bone. There are also a number of ways in which the sphenoid bone contributes to the structure of the orbit Firstly, the lateral wall posterior to the Zygomatic bone is constituted by the greater character of the sphenoid bone and secondly the posterior margin of the roof (or superior wall) is formed by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.Thirdly the optic canal (that provide a passage for the optic canal and the optic nerve into the orbital space) which i s in the apex of the orbit, is also framed by the roots of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.( Thisroots of the lesser wing also connects it to the body of the sphenoid bone.)The medial wall of the orbit( that is mingled with the dependal process of the maxilla and the lateral mass of the ethmoid is completed by the small, curved , lachrymal bone. The posterior tiptoe of the floor or subscript wall is completed by the orbital process of the palatine bone that is insinuated behind the maxilla and underneath the ethmoid bone.3.1The superior wall or roofThe lesser wing of the sphenoid bone constitutes/forms the posterior margin of the superior wall and also surrounds the optic canal( that ac as a channel for the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery). hence the optic canal is situated posteriorly in the wing of the sphenoid bone that is smaller i.e. the lesser wing and this canal also communicates with the middle cranial fossa. (A fossa is a hollow or a shallow depression.)The supe rior margin of the bony cavity that contains the human eyeball are formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone and this bone forms almost everything of the superior wall of the orbit except the posterior extremity of the superior wall. This specific part (the posterior extremity) is formed by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The superior orbital fissure is also situated posteriorly amongst the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. (This fissure also communicates with the middle cranial fossa and also provides a passage for the frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary nerve and lastly the superior ophthalmic vein). A fossa for the lacrimal gland is made by the roof that rises laterally above the level of the rim of the orbit.The superior orbitals margins contour is laterally sharp and medially round. The supraorbital notch also leads from the orbit onto the face at the point of transi tion. On the frontal bones maxillary process, a small trochlear fossa that is in the anterior medial angle of the orbit gives an attachment to the trochlea.3.2The Medial wallThe medial wall consists of 4 bones namely the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone and maxillary bone. Thus the frontal process of the maxilla largely constitutes the medial margin of the orbit. The shorter maxillary process of the frontal bone are also met by the rising of the frontal process of the maxilla. The maxilla itself contributes little more than the rim to the medial orbital wall.The lacrimal bone, that has an irregular shape, articulates vertically with the frontal process of the maxilla within the orbit. The lacrimal sacs fossa are framed or formed by both of these bones.The bony nasolacrimal canal is also continuous with the fossa which also proceed into the inferior nasal meatus below( that is the gap(space) covered by the inferior nasal concha.Posteriorly the fossa is bounded by a vertica l ridge (that is named the lacrimal crest) and from this the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone increases posteriorly to meet the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone.The upper part of the nasal cavity are separated from the orbit by the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone.The lateral mass of the ethmoid is pneumatized extensively by the ethmoid air cells and in many skulls this gives the medial wall the air or likeness of an unviolated honeycomb.The thinnest part of the wall is the lamina papyracea which means a layer as thin as paperThe frontoethmoidal suture is where the medial wall and the roof of the orbit mets. Across this boundary, the ethmoid air cells of the lateral mass extend upward into the overlying frontal bone.The anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina open out of the orbit along the suture line into canals that pass horizontally between adjacent air cells. The first leads onto the upper surface of the cribriform plate, the second into the posterior ethmoidal and sphen oid air sinuses.3.3The Lateral wallThe Zygomatic bone forms the lateral margin and wall of the orbit and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, completes this lateral wallThe greater wing of the sphenoid also does not articulate with the lesser wing of the sphenoid or the maxilla bone and because of this at that place is two gaps posteriorly.The first gap is the superior orbital fissure that is located between the lateral wall and the superior wall and the secondgap is the inferior orbital fissure that located between the floor( also called the inferior wall ) and the lateral wall. These 2 fissures converge in the apex of the orbit of the skull that is just lateral to he optic canal.The inferior orbital fissure is roughly in line with the zygomatico-orbital foramen that opens in the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone.hThis Zygomatic orbital foramen can be threefold or multiple or it may be so hidden as to be virtually missed by the human eye.3.4The floor or inferior wallThe maxi lla(medially) and the Zygomatic bone(laterally) forms the inferior margin of the orbit that is also named the floor. The floor is also the shortest of all the orbits walls)The whole of the orbit floor is also virtually formed by the maxilla bone and the Zygomatic bone.The maxilla bone constitutes almost all of the surface of the floor except the complete lateral angle.The roof of the maxillary air sinus is also formed by the bone of the floor that is very thin.The floor is completed in front of the apex by the small orbital process of the palatine bone.The inferior orbital fissure is left by the prominent infraorbital incise and this prominent infraorbital groove runs directly forward on the surface of the maxilla.This groove (halfway across the floor of the orbit) becomes continuous with the infraorbital canal( thus the infraorbital groove (and canal) is located in the inferior wall of the orbit and in the maxillas orbital plate and it transfer the blood vessels and the infraorbi tal nerve) , which eventually ends in the infraorbital foramen ( on the anterior surface of the maxilla below the orbital margin.4The neurovascular portals in the orbits walls and in the apex( some of them ( the nerves and arteries that go through passages in the orbit and apex) are discussed below.)4.1The apexFrom the middle cranial fossa the optic canal opens directly into the apex of the orbit. The ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery as well as the optic nerve(thats covered by all meningeal layers) goes through the optic canal. Between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa the main passageway is the superior orbital fissure.4.2The Medial wallThe anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve are transmitted by the anterior and posterior ethmoidel foramina. Corresponding branches of the ophthalmic artery and veins draining to the superior ophthalmic vein also accompanies them.4.3The RoofThe supraorbital nerve and vessels are transmitted by the sup raorbital notch( or foramen) onto the forehead. The supraorbital nerve is the larger extension of the frontal nerve and the artery is from the ophthalmic artery.4.4FloorThe infraorbital and zygomatic nerves and vessels are transferred by the inferior orbital fissure.The infraorbital nerve and vessels are carried from the inferior orbital fissure to the infra orbital foramen(through this foramen they appear onto the face) , by the infraorbital canal and the infraorbital groove.4.5Lateral wallThe zygomatic orbital foramen transmits the zygomatic vessels and the zygomatic nerves into the zygomaric bone( this happens beyond the lateral end of the inferior orbital fissure)The Zygomatoc facial foramen is the passageway through which the zygomatico facial nerve and vessel appear on to the head. It may happen that there are two foramens rather than one and this is not unusual. The zygomaticotemporal foramen is also the passageway through which the zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels emerge into the temporal fossa.Picture of the orbits5Possible clinical natural covering in RadiographyIn Radiography(orbital Radiogrpahy) injury to they eye or trauma to the eye are respected by orbital x rays. ( Orbital x-rays are x-ray examines of the left and right eye sockets in the human skull. It also includes the frontal sinuses and maxillary sinuses). Orbital x-rays are also used to detect changes in the structure of the eye, which may lead to various diseases, as well as to detect foreign bodies in the eye that a opthalmoscope( thats an instrument that detect foreign bodies in the eye) cannot spotIn the Radiography department there is going to be patients who have fractures and diseases of the orbitals. Some of the fractures encountered could be a fracture of the zygomatic arch, displacement of the zygomatico-frontal suture, infraorbital fractures, etc. It will be expected of every qualified Radiographer to take orbital x-ray images of these patients orbitals. To be able to do this a Radiographer essential be familiar with complex anatomy of the orbits in the skull and it associated soft tissue . For example if a patients thats been in a car accident has fractured his orbitals and this resulted in a fracture of the zygomatic arch, then it would be expected of a radiographer to receipt where this zygomatic arch is located in order to take an orbital x-ray image of that cranial orbit. A Radiographer must also have sufficient knowledge to be able take an orbital x ray image in the correct angle or to discern when to take several x-rays (from different angles) in order to show the fracture to the zygomatic arch more clearly.It may happen in serious emergency cases that the Radiographer must firstly look for any damage on the patients face(before he/she can take an x-ray) , and if this radiographer doesnt know where the facial bones or orbital bones is located then it wouldnt help taking an image of the wrong facial bone, because that would be of no usage to the doctors seeing the orbital x-rays, because they want to see the fracture in order to make a diagnosis. A doctor may also ask a radiographer if she can see anything abnormal on the x-ray and then again this radiographer must be able to identify the bones and the location of the fractures. Thus it is very important for a radiographer to know where the orbitals lie and of what bones it consists.6CONCLUSIONFrom the above mentioned research I conclude that it is very necessary for a radiographer to know the orbits of the eye in order to take valuable x-ray orbital images of this area. The orbitals of the human skull is also of utmost importance , because of the fact that it contains the eye, ( a vital electronic organ that is used in almost every activity of a human being ex. from reading the newspaper to crossing the street) and thus patients that has any damage to this area need to be helped swiftly before a minor orbital injury could proceed to a life threatening injury and re sults in the patient losing his eye. A Radiographer also pays an important role in helping these patients and must know the anatomy of the orbits in order to supply the doctors with the needed medical development that would help doctors to make a diagnosis.REFERENCESThogarapalli, N. s.a. The human eye what and importance . http//www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thog6n2/importance.html Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Scott, O. 2010. Zygomatic Arch and Orbital Fractures. http//www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Zygomatic-Arch-and-Orbital-Fractures.htm Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Siwek, D.F. 2009. The orbit http//skullanatomy.info/Individ%20Spaces/Orbit/Orbit.htm Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Farlex. s.a. The Free dictionary orbital cavity http//www.thefreedictionary.com/orbital+cavity Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Thiagarajan, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, B. 2013. http//entscholar.com/article/anatomy-of-orbit/ Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Balasubramanian, T. s.a. http//www.drtbal u.com/orbit_ana.html Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014Quizlet, 2014. Anatomy test 3 http//quizlet.com/7795054/anatomy-test-3-flash-cards/ Retrieved on the 2nd of April 2014ORahilly,R., Muller,F. , Carpenter, S. Swenson, R. 2008. Basic human anatomy the orbit. https//www.dartmouth.edu/humananatomy/part_8/chapter_45.html Retrieved on the 01st of AprilPetruzelli, G.J. 2013. Orbit Anatomy http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/835021-overview Retrieved on the 01st of April 2014Orbits. s.a. https//www.boundless.com/physiology/the-skeletal-system/skull/orbits/ Retrieved on the 01st of April 2014Snell, R.S. 2011. Clinically anatomy by regions http//books.google.co.za/books?id=vb4AcUL4CE0Cpg=PA553lpg=PA553dq=orbital+opening+lies+anteriorly.+About+one+sixth+of+the+eye+is+exposedsource=blots=fJHbn-cfItsig=HzlJmwJuIL1FfloCdW5BUw75e_8hl=ensa=Xei=uvE7U4boOZSqhQernYGgBwved=0CCkQ6AEwAQv=onepageq=orbital%20opening%20lies%20anteriorly.%20About%20one%20sixth%20of%20the%20eye%20is%20exposedf=falseRet rieved on the 01st April 20141

Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology

Use of Transition Metals in NanotechnologyPart 1 Introduction 1.1Nanotechnology or nanotech is the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than ampere-second nanometers. It is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. It deals with creating of nanoparticles and of manufacturing machines which admit sizes within the range of 1 to 100 nanometres.Nanotechnology offers the potential to overcome many of the dear issues facing mankind over the coming decades. Climate change, pollution control and prevention, access to clean water, falling energy reserves and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such(prenominal)(prenominal) as thronecer all represent significant challenges to man and the planet. New scientific and technological breakthroughs will be needed to deliver solutions. Over the move decade almost $50 billion of government funding has been invested into nanotechnologies, and this investment is now starting to bear fruit with a stea dy stream of commercially viable nanotechnologies which are positively impacting human health, the environment and technology. Gold is at the forefront of this nanotechnology revolution.1.2 What are Transition Metals?Elements whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. They are ductile, malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are found in more than one shell, that is why they have more than one oxidation number.Some of the transition metals that are used in nanotechnology are Gold, platinum, Iron, Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt.1.3 Transition Metals which are used in NanotechnologyGoldPlatinumNickelCobaltIronCadmiumPart 2 Project Overview2.1 Why Transition Metals can be used in nanotechnology?Explanation of roughly of transition metals which can be used in nanotechnology-2.1.1 GoldGold is widely used to build nanostructures because it is relatively chemically inert, although gold clusters can po se quite reactive as they get smaller. Indeed, positive gold ions can react with noble gases, and gold particles just a few nanometres in diameter can act as catalysts in many reactions, as can single gold atoms bound in suitable complexes.The nobility of gold and its oppositeness to surface oxidation which makes it ideal material for wide range applications in nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles have a colour varying from red to purple depending on particle size, a property that can be successfully exploited in a range of applications.2.1.2 NickelThe reason for working with nickel is that it responds to electrochemistry, has best mechanical and corrosion properties and is inexpensive. It is strong and cheap and easily processed in this particular style.2.1.3 IronIron oxide nanoparticles are considered promising because they are maneuverable by remote magnetised fields, and can be coat with various marker molecules to make them stick selectively to tumors and other targets within the body. The particles can similarly be do to carry anti-cancer drugs or radioactive materials directly to a tumor. Magnetic nanoparticles designed to attach to cancerous tissue can also be made to heat up by employ a remote, alternating magnetic field, thereby selectively killing cancer cells in a process called magnetic hyperthermia.2.2 Use of Transition metals in nanotechnology2.2.1 GoldGold nanoparticles are a popular choice for medical research, diagnostic testing and cancer treatment. By using gold nanoparticles it improves the drug delivery efficiency of anticancer drug.It may sound odd, but the dye in your blue jeans or your ballpoint pen has also been paired with gold nanoparticles to fight cancer. This dye, known as phthalocyanine, reacts with light. The nanoparticles take the dye directly to cancer cells while normal cells reject the dye. Once the particles are inside, scientists spark off them with light to destroy the cancer. Similar therapies have existed to treat skin cancers with light-activated dye, but scientists are now working to use nanoparticles and dye to treat tumors deep in the body.2.2.2 PlatinumThe researches in their latest word incorporated platinum metals into their nanotubes structures. Platinum can add useful catalytic, electronic, luminescent, and magnetic functionalities to the nanotubes.Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the do of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.2.2.3 NickelApplications for nickel nanocrystals include numerous catalytic functions such as in the anode of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or in the conductive electrolytic layer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in replacement of platinum. Also, alter all or a portion of the platinum with nickel nano particles in automotive catalytic converters would significantly reduce their cost and in coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in reliable alloy and catalyst applications . Further research is universe done for their potential electrical, dielectric, magnetic, optical, imaging, biomedical and bioscience properties. Nickel Nano Particles are broadly immediately available in most volumes.Nickel nanoparticles could even be used in biomedical applications, such as implants that dispense drugs, though the metal would handlely be coated to prevent possible allergic reactions. The metals magnetic properties make it a natural choice for magnetic applications.2.2.4 CobaltThe nanoparticle films of transition metals such as iron, nickel, or cobalt may be used to catalyse the growth of carbon nanotube.The Nickel or Cobalt nanotubes with larger diameters(around 160 nm) show a n archaeozoic identical magnetic moments arranged in a vortex state at zero f ield.2.2.5 IronHot iron nanoparticles could be used to carve electronic circuits out of graphene sheets. The excellent electronic properties of graphene have prompted scientists to try cutting it into nanoribbons, which might be used in electronic devices of the future. Attempts with lithography, however, have left rough edges to the nanoribbons that could hit their performance.Widely used iron nanoparticles exhibit toxic effects on neuronal cells. Iron is an essential nutrient for mammals and most life forms and iron oxide nanoparticles were generally assumed to be safePart 3 Analysis3.1 Nanotechnology and CancerIn a study published in the July 2007 issue of Analytical Chemistry, scientists from Purdue University elaborate their use of gold nanoparticles to detect breast cancer. Their work, along with similar studies at other universities, has the potential to radically change breast cancer detection.The procedure deeds by identifying the proteins found on the exteriors of cancer cells. Different types of cancer have polar proteins on their surfaces that serve as unique markers. Nanorods, gold nanoparticles shaped like rods, use specialized antibodies to latch onto the protein markers for breast cancer, or for another cancer type. After the nanorods bind to proteins in a blood sample, scientists examine how they scatter light. all(prenominal) protein-nanorod combination scatters light in a unique way, allowing for precise diagnoses.The use of gold nanoparticles is not new to this study. These tiny particles it would take 500 of them to span the width of a human hair are particularly suited to detect toxins, pathogens and cancers and are a subject of more than experimentation. The scientists at Purdue used nanorods capable of attaching to 3 types of breast cancer markers, with two of the markers identifying how invasive the cancer is. The lead researcher on the study, Joseph Irudayaraji, said that these nanorods could one day form part of a much more thorough test, binding to up to 15 unique markers.Using nanorods cuts the price of the diagnosis by two-thirds compared to the similar method of flow cytometry, in which fluorescent fixture markers bind to cancer cells. Flow cytometry requires a bigger sample size with thousands of times more cells than is needed for nanorods, meaning that nanorods are capable of helping to crack earlier diagnoses. Nanorods prove much less invasive than some other methods because they use blood samples and dont require a biopsy. Part of the cost savings comes from scientists being able to use a conventional microscope and light source to view the samples, unlike other methods that employ expensive microscopes or lasers.In a different study, Dr. Irudayaraj showed that gold nanorods could be used to detect cancer stem cells. The discovery is particularly valuable because cancer stem cells cause the out-of-control growth that makes malignant tumors so deadly.Dr. Irudayaraji said that gold nanoparticle s could be widely available for cancer diagnoses sometime in 2011.Besides being part of exhaustive tests that can detect cancers early on, nanoparticles may also form the basis of future cancer treatments. Lasers that react with gold nanoparticles could be used to destroy cancer cells. Or, nanoparticles could be used as targeted drug-delivery systems.Part 4 ConclusionAfter the completion of the termination paper on Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology I got many new things to convey about. The term paper helped me to know more about nanotechnology and the different transition metals and about its use in nanotechnology. The nanoparticles, how it is useful in treatment of cancer, and its uses in biomedicals and others.The term paper also gives the structures of some of the transition metals nanoparticles and about the extensive use of the transition metals in nanotechnology.I have worked very hard on this visit and wanted to build it in a very simple and lucid manner so that it could be easy for the reader to go through and look the term paper.Hopefully, I think that you would have gained some knowledge on transition metals nanoparticles and could have well understood it. I grant a truthful apologize if any mistake would have crept in my work.

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay example -- Plastic Surgery Essa

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic SurgeryCosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. The account of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to soulfulnesss who had them taken off as a form of punishment. (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people pick out utilise over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems that they have developed over the years or to even alter physical appearances for instance nose jobs and tummy tucks. There are numerous types of cosmetic surgery that can be done today in the United States, over the years surgeons techniques have improved dramatically. There are a repress of pros and cons that go along with cosmetic surgery, such as the amount of recovery time and the initial cost of surgery. Statistics alike show that cosmetic surgery has grown so rapidly over the y ears it is phenomenal people who receive cosmetic surgery goes up by the millions every year. While there can be many related health risks due to cosmetic sugary, many times cosmetic surgery is inevitable and its is made more affordable than thought to be. There are many Cons that are associated with cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Some procedures can leave a person scared for life physically or even mentally. For instance, Liposuction is the removal of fat cells to produce smoother contours, if to much fat and fluid is removed at formerly the patient could go into shock, bleed internally, or worst of all die. (Margie Parent 2002) After some cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries sometimes it is found very parkland for a person to have a hard time adjust... .../history-of-cosmetic-surgery.htmlParent, Margie. 2002. The Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Procedure. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From www.ri.essortment.com/plasticsugeryp_rewz.htmMiami Beach 411. N.D. A Guide to Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Costs. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/guide_2.htmlHistory of Cosmetic Surgery. 2008. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.ebreastaug.com/cosmetic-surgery/history.htmlColins, Joan. N.d..The Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//cseserv.engr,scu.edu/StudentWebPages/KNguyen/researchpaper.htmAmerican Society of Plastic Surgery. 2008. 2007 Report of 2006 Statistics. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm